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Glucosamine and chondroitin are popular supplements used to treat osteoarthritis (OA). According to one estimate from the National Institutes of Health, 6.5 million adults, or 2.6% of the population, has used one or both of these products. Although studies on glucosamine and chondroitin have been mixed, some evidence suggests they may help relieve OA joint pain and stiffness.
In many European countries, these supplements are a prescribed treatment for OA. In the U.S., the recommendations on glucosamine and chondroitin are more moderate, due to the mixed results of studies.
Glucosamine and chondroitin protect cells called chondrocytes, which help maintain cartilage structure. In theory, these supplements have the potential to slow cartilage deterioration in the joints, and to reduce pain in the process.
The ideal form of glucosamine has also caused dissent in the research community. Some studies show an advantage to glucosamine sulfate; others to glucosamine hydrochloride. One study that compared the two glucosamine forms head to head found no real difference between them.
Many people with arthritis -- especially osteoarthritis -- use supplements in their diet to ease the pain of arthritis. Glucosamine and chondroitin are the most well-known. Methyl sulfonylmethane (MSM) is another supplement used to ease the pain of arthritis, but it has not been through as much scientific testing.
There are conflicting studies on glucosamine and chondroitin, some demonstrating a beneficial effect on osteoarthritis pain. Others, including the NIH-sponsored multicenter Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT), did not show benefit for the primary outcome of reducing pain. More recently another study also found that glucosamine did not slow down cartilage damage or reduce knee pain.
There are many different brands of glucosamine and chondroitin, which are usually sold together as one arthritis supplement. Again, there is no government monitoring to ensure the purity of these products.
People with diabetes should use caution when taking glucosamine because it may raise blood sugar. People taking blood-thinning medication (anticoagulants) should check with their doctors before taking glucosamine and chondroitin.
These arthritis supplements may also have a blood-thinning effect, so people taking these supplements in addition to an anticoagulant may have to have their blood tested more often. People who are allergic to shellfish also should consult their doctors before using glucosamine and chondroitin. Glucosamine is extracted from a substance in shellfish.
The effects of these supplements on a growing child or developing baby are not yet known. For that reason, glucosamine and chondroitin are not recommended for children, women who are pregnant, women who are nursing, and women who could become pregnant.
In supplement form, glucosamine is harvested from shells of shellfish or made in a lab. There are several forms of glucosamine, including glucosamine sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride and N-acetyl glucosamine. These supplements aren't considered interchangeable.
When considering glucosamine, read product labels carefully to make sure you choose the correct form. There's less clinical evidence to support the use of N-acetyl glucosamine in treating osteoarthritis, and more research is needed to confirm its benefits.
Glucosamine sulfate might provide some pain relief for people with osteoarthritis. The supplement appears to be safe and might be a helpful option for people who can't take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While study results are mixed, glucosamine sulfate might be worth a try.
Glucosamine is a compound found in nearly all human tissues, especially connective tissue. The highest concentrations of glucosamine in the human body are found in cartilage.2 It is especially good for anyone seeking supplemental ingredients found within joints and connective tissue.
Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally-occurring nutrient found in various types of connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, ligaments and tendons. The structure of chondroitin sulfate causes it to attract water which is good news for your joints. Much like many structures in the body, cartilage is continuously being broken down and replaced by new cartilage. Chondroitin works with enzymes involved in this process to promote a healthy balance. Chondroitin is a compound naturally found in cartilage, synovial fluid and connective tissue.
Glucosamine contributes to joint health.*It is a key structural component in cartilage and, as a dietary supplement, can be absorbed into the body. Supplementing with 1500 mg of glucosamine a day is the most recommended dosage.
The most common source of glucosamine used in dietary supplements is shellfish. The hard exoskeletons of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp contain a substance called chitin. Chitin is a rich source of glucosamine and acts as the starting material for many dietary supplements. Glucosamine can also be found in the cell walls of plants and fungi, making shellfish-free forms of glucosamine available.
Although glucosamine is naturally produced by the body, levels of glucosamine may decline with age. There are no major food sources of glucosamine so it is challenging to get in your daily diet without the help from supplementation.
Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally-occurring nutrient found in various types of connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, ligaments and tendons. The structure of chondroitin sulfate causes it to attract water which is good news for your joints.
Glucosamine is a nutrient whose levels in the body may decline with age. As such, it should be consumed on a regular basis. Just as you would take a multivitamin every day to ensure your body is getting all the vitamins and minerals it needs, glucosamine should be taken daily to deliver nutrition to your joints.*
Laboratory studies have found that chondroitin can reduce the activity of enzymes and substances that break down collagen in joints. Other studies have demonstrated that it has several anti-inflammatory properties. Research on animals has found that chondroitin can prevent the breakdown of cartilage and can also stimulate repair mechanisms.
Sixteen trials compared the potential benefits of chondroitin with that of a placebo. The data from the other three came from conference abstracts, meaning only a summary of results is available or they had poorly defined comparison groups.
Bio-Glucosamine+Chondroitin is a preparation consisting of light blue tablets each containing 500 mg of glucosamine sulphate corresponding to 400 mg pure glucosamine, 400 mg chondroitin sulphate, and 20 mg of vitamin C.
Background: Limited previous studies in the United Kingdom or a single US state have demonstrated an association between intake of glucosamine/chondroitin and mortality. This study sought to investigate the association between regular consumption of glucosamine/chondroitin and overall and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in a national sample of US adults.
Results: In the study sample, there were 658 (3.94%) participants who had been taking glucosamine/chondroitin for a year or longer. During followup (median, 107 months), there were 3366 total deaths (20.17%); 674 (20.02%) were due to CVD. Respondents taking glucosamine/chondroitin were less likely to have CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28-0.92). After controlling for age, use was associated with a 39% reduction in all-cause (HR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49-0.77) and 65% reduction (HR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.20-0.61) in CVD mortality. Multivariable-adjusted HR showed that the association was maintained after adjustment for age, sex, race, education, smoking status, and physical activity (all-cause mortality, HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93; CVD mortality, HR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.75).
Conclusions: Regular intake of glucosamine/chondroitin is associated with lower all-cause and CVD mortality in a national US cohort and the findings are consistent with previous studies in other populations. Prospective studies to confirm the link may be warranted.
Glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM are naturally existing chemicals found in the human body and in other natural sources. Glucosamine is an important building block for cartilage, while chondroitin is a structural component of cartilage that plays a role in shock absorption and elasticity. MSM is a form of sulfur, which the body uses to make collagen and support tissue healing. They are thought to help support healthy joint structure, comfort and function.
Glucosamine, chondroitin, and MSM are generally considered safe for most adults. But you should check with your doctor before use if you have high blood sugar, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you are taking any medications.
Glucosamine is also found in some animal and other nonhuman tissues, including shellfish shells, animal bones, and fungi. Supplemental forms of glucosamine are often made from these natural sources (2).
That being said, glucosamine and chondroitin have been shown to inhibit the activation of inflammatory pathways in human synovial cells. These cells are responsible for producing synovial fluid components, or joint fluid (5).
More specifically, it is thought that glucosamine promotes the creation of certain chemical compounds, including collagen, that are important structural components of articular cartilage and synovial fluid.
Glucosamine helps develop tissues that are crucial for proper joint function. While more studies are necessary, some research indicates that glucosamine supplements may protect your joints from damage.
Glucosamine supplements are frequently taken to treat various bo